The total area under the curve must equal 1, representing the fact that the probability of some outcome occurring within the entire range is certain. \[\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f\left(x\right)dx=1\] ...

Abstract: An exact closed-form expression is developed for the probability density function (PDF) of the sum of independent but not necessarily identically distributed Nakagami-m random variables. By ...

Abstract: The Beckmann distribution has a wide range of applications in radio-frequency communications, free-space optical (FSO) communications, and underwater wireless optical communications (UWOC).

We show that, compared with surgeon predictions and existing risk-prediction tools, our machine-learning model can enhance ...

James Chen, CMT is an expert trader, investment adviser, and global market strategist. Khadija Khartit is a strategy, investment, and funding expert, and an educator of fintech and strategic finance ...