The study of crystal structures provides crucial insights into the arrangement of atoms and molecules, directly influencing the physical, chemical and biological properties of materials. Advanced ...

XRD works by directing X-rays onto a crystalline material and analyzing the angles and intensities of the diffracted beams. The atomic planes within the crystal act as a three-dimensional grating, ...

“The demand for high bandwidth memory (HBM) has driven the need for advanced packaging solutions, particularly those involving fan-out layers to interconnect wafers within packages. To meet the ...

Unlike optical microscopy, SEM does not rely on light waves but instead uses a beam of electrons to interact with materials, enabling magnifications up to 300,000× and resolutions approaching 1 nm. 1 ...