There are standard techniques to generate negative output voltages, and there are well-known approaches to dynamically adjust an output voltage. The missing link that I hope to address in this article ...

Modern active components, such as A/D and D/A converters and operational amplifiers, typically don’t require a negative supply voltage. Op amps in particular are available with rail-to-rail inputs and ...

The output voltage of a voltage reference device can be adjusted using a digitally controlled potentiometer (DCP) without significantly changing the device’s temperature coefficient (TC), which ...

To improve efficiency in high-power applications, voltage regulators can be used in parallel to double output current capability—if a means of forcing current sharing is provided. One circuit approach ...

When analog circuits mix with digital, the former are sometimes dissatisfied with the latter’s usual single supply rail. This creates a need for additional, often negative polarity, voltage sources ...

Electrical equipment that operates below its voltage rating can overheat or power down. Here's how to determine your load's operating voltage. Voltage drop across switchgear and feeder and branch ...