This lab includes a theoretical explanation of how buffers work and how they are made, including a derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Students will use what they have learned to ...

Identify the independent (manipulated) and dependent (responding) variables in a scientific investigation. Draw conclusions about the relationship between two variables using quantitative data.

Biological buffers play an essential role in a wide range of applications used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes. The characteristics of biological buffers The adjustment of the pH value ...